Inflammation and anti-inflammatory strategies for Alzheimer's disease--a mini-review.

Until recently, the central nervous system (CNS) has been thought to be an immune privileged organ. However, it is now understood that neuroinflammation is linked with the development of several CNS diseases including late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). The development of inflammation is a complex process involving a wide array of molecular interactions which in the CNS remains to be further characterized. The development of neuroinflammation may represent an important link between the early stages of LOAD and its pathological outcome. It is proposed that risks for LOAD, which include genetic, biological and environmental factors can each contribute to impairment of normal CNS regulation and function. The links between risk factors and the development of neuroinflammation are numerous and involve many complex interactions which contribute to vascular compromise, oxidative stress and ultimately neuroinflammation. Once this cascade of events is initiated, the process of neuroinflammation can become overactivated resulting in further cellular damage and loss of neuronal function. Additionally, neuroinflammation has been associated with the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the pathological hallmarks of LOAD. Increased levels of inflammatory markers have been correlated with an advanced cognitive impairment. Based on this knowledge, new therapies aimed at limiting onset of neuroinflammation could arrest or even reverse the development of the disease.